In recent years, the integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors into corporate strategies has garnered considerable attention from investors, regulators, and corporate stakeholders worldwide. This research paper examines the multifaceted relationship between ESG performance and corporate financial returns from a global perspective, addressing the ongoing debate over whether superior ESG practices contribute positively to a firm’s financial performance or impose additional costs that dilute shareholder value. Using a comprehensive dataset comprising publicly listed companies across multiple global markets, this study explores how ESG dimensions interact with firm profitability, market valuation, and long-term financial sustainability. The study employs a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative financial analysis with cross-sectional industry evaluations and regional comparisons to capture the heterogeneity of ESG impacts across sectors and geographies. Empirical results reveal that companies demonstrating robust ESG performance tend to experience superior financial outcomes in the long term, including higher return on equity, improved profit margins, and enhanced market capitalization stability. Environmental factors such as carbon footprint reduction and sustainable resource management exhibit particularly strong positive correlations with operational efficiency and cost savings, while social dimensions, including labor practices, diversity, and community engagement, contribute to brand equity, customer loyalty, and workforce productivity. Governance quality, characterized by board independence, transparent reporting, and ethical business practices, consistently correlates with risk mitigation, investor confidence, and improved capital allocation.